However, inconsistencies in training stimulus and a limited number of studies highlight the need for further research before hard martial arts can be recommended for older adults. The available studies outlined improvements in functional fitness parameters for older adults participating in hard martial arts training (strength 9.3–34% mobility 9.5–13.6% aerobic endurance 13.4% flexibility 11.1–316.7% balance 20.5%). Of the included studies, three were randomized control trials and three were comparative studies with concurrent controls. Of these, six studies featuring 240 participants were included in the final scoping review.
A systematic literature search identified 265 papers via electronic database and ten papers from additional sources. The AXIS Critical Appraisal Tool was used to appraise all studies included in the review. The present scoping review focused upon the functional benefits of hard martial arts training for older adults.
